The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns, and were therefore on 6.8-foot (2.1 m) centers. In WTC 1 the impact stripped the insulation off 43 of 47 core columns on more than one floor as well as floor trusses over a space of 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2). The result was that the walls peeled off and separated away from the buildings by a large distance (about 500 feet in some cases), hitting other neighboring buildings, and starting fires that would later lead to the collapse of Building 7. [83] The investigation, led by Dr S. Shyam Sunder, drew not only upon in-house technical expertise, but also upon the knowledge of several outside private institutions, including the Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers (SEI/ASCE), the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE), the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), and the Structural Engineers Association of New York (SEAoNY). In both cases, the section of the building that had been damaged by the airplanes failed, which allowed the floors above the impact zone to fall onto the undamaged structure below. The lower portions of both buildings' cores (60 stories of WTC 1 and 40 stories of WTC 2) remained standing for up to 25 seconds after the start of the initial collapse before they too collapsed.[13]. "[12] In its report, NIST stated that the technical ability to perform a rigorous simulation of aircraft impact and ensuing fires is a recent development, and that the technical capability for such analysis would have been quite limited in the 1960s. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (NIST NCSTAR 1-1)", https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1512-20490-6772/403_ch3.pdf, "New York Marriott World Trade Center (archived website)", "Realty News World Trade Center Getting New Tenants", "Hotel in the Trade Center Greets Its First 100 Guests", "The city's newest hotel, the Vista International, officially opened...", "Marriott Ceding Property Where Hotel Stood on the World Trade Center Site", "Terrorist Attack At New York World Trade Center", "One Hotel's Fight to the Finish; At the Marriott, a Portal to Safety as the Towers Fell", "15 years after 9/11, survivors talk about how it impacted their priorities", Chambers Street–WTC/Park Place/Cortlandt Street, The Algonquin Resort St. Andrews By-The-Sea, Marriott Niagara Falls Hotel Fallsview & Spa. One World Trade Center was hit at 8:46 a.m. Eastern time and collapsed at 10:28 a.m. Two World Trade Center was hit at 9:03 a.m. and collapsed at 9:59 a.m. 4. [38] Structural damage occurred to the southwest corner between Floors 7 and 17 and on the south facade between Floor 44 and the roof; other possible structural damage includes a large vertical gash near the center of the south facade between Floors 24 and 41. Some surrounding structures that were not hit by the airplanes still sustained significant damage, requiring them to be torn down. [103], Collapse of the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001, "NY Firefighters attack Giuliani", BBC News, July 12, 2007. The hotel was destroyed as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, after the collapse of the Twin Towers. The Marriott World Trade Center was a 22-story steel-framed hotel building with 825 rooms. During the September 11 attacks, four teams of al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four different jetliners. The building and its survivors were featured in the television special documentary film Hotel Ground Zero , which premiered September 11, 2009 on the History Channel. "The building structure would still be there. Later, the south wall of 1 WTC buckled in the same way, and with similar consequences. Conveniently located in the Financial District, our hotel is just moments from iconic destinations such as One World Trade Center, 9/11 Museum, Ground Zero and Battery Park, where you can admire views of the Statue of Liberty. El Hotel Marriott World Trade Center o conocido también como World Trade Center 3 (WTC 3) fue un edificio de acero entramado de 22 pisos. The fires burned out of control during the afternoon, causing floor beams near Column 79 to expand and push a key girder off its seat, triggering the floors to fail around column 79 on Floors 8 to 14. [68] Congress passed the National Construction Safety Team bill in October 2002, giving NIST the authority to conduct an investigation of the World Trade Center collapses. Reserva Courtyard by Marriott New York Downtown Manhattan/World Trade Center Area, Nueva York en Tripadvisor: 856 opiniones y 473 fotos de viajeros sobre el Courtyard by Marriott New York Downtown Manhattan/World Trade Center Area, clasificado en el puesto nº.198 de 506 hoteles en Nueva York. The Vista International Hotel was the first hotel to open in Lower Manhattan since 1836. Los huéspedes que tengan reservas en Courtyard by Marriott World Trade Center, Abu Dhabi para cualquier fecha de llegada futura, incluyendo reservas con tarifas pagadas previamente, pueden hacer cambios o cancelaciones completas sin cargo hasta 24 horas antes de su llegada, siempre y cuando el cambio o la cancelación se haga antes del 30 de junio de 2020. [62] They later contributed to an MIT collection of papers on the WTC collapses edited by Eduardo Kausel called The Towers Lost and Beyond. [53] The adjacent Verizon Building, an Art Deco building constructed in 1926, had extensive damage to its east facade from the collapse of 7 World Trade Center, though it was successfully restored at a cost of US$1.4 billion.[54]. Approximately 40 people died in the hotel, including two hotel employees who had stayed to aid the evacuation and a number of firefighters who had been clearing the hotel and using it as a staging ground. The program features the overshadowed story of the Marriott World Trade Center on the day of the 2001 attacks, resulting in its destruction caused by the collapse of the adjacent South Tower followed by the North Tower, as told by people who had escaped from the hotel. Report No. Here, too, the columns buckled one story at a time, now starting from the bottom. [15], After the 1993 bombing, inspections found fireproofing to be deficient. The Marriott World Trade Center was a 22-story, 825-room hotel at 3 World Trade Center within the World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York City.Designed by Yamasaki & Associates.It opened in April 1981 as the Vista International Hotel and was the first major hotel to open in Lower Manhattan south of Canal Street since 1836. As the collapse progressed, dust and debris could be seen shooting out of the windows several floors below the advancing destruction, caused by the sudden rush of air from the upper levels. [25] The first fragments of the outer walls of the collapsed North Tower struck the ground 11 seconds after the collapse started, and parts of the South Tower after 9 seconds. [57][58] Many works of art were destroyed in the collapse. [14], After the collapses, Leslie Robertson stated, "To the best of our knowledge, little was known about the effects of a fire from such an aircraft, and no designs were prepared for that circumstance. Once more than half of the columns on a particular floor buckled, the overhead structure could no longer be supported and complete collapse of the structures occurred. [38] This followed their August 21, 2008 draft report which included a period for public comments. NIST final report (2005). [4] This truss system allowed optimized load redistribution of floor diaphragms between the perimeter and core, with improved performance between the different materials of flexible steel and rigid concrete allowing the moment frames to transfer sway into compression on the core, which also mostly supported the transmission tower. Many of the surrounding buildings were also either damaged or destroyed as the towers fell. [84], The bulk of the investigation of 7 World Trade Center was delayed until after reports were completed on the collapse of the World Trade Center twin towers. Only a fraction of a percent of the buildings remained for analysis after the cleanup was completed: some 236 individual pieces of steel, although 95% of structural beams and plates and 50% of the reinforcement bars were recovered. The hotel no longer operates and was destroyed beyond repair as a result of the terrorist attacks of … The World Financial Center buildings, 90 West Street, and 130 Cedar Street suffered fires. The collapse of the South Tower (2 WTC) at 9:59 a.m. EDT essentially split the building in half. Convenientemente ubicado en el distrito financiero, nuestro hotel se encuentra a pocos minutos de destinos icónicos como el One World Trade Center, el Museo y Monumento Nacional del 11 de Septiembre, Ground Zero y Battery Park, donde podrá … The site is bounded by Vesey Street to the north, the West Side Highway to the west, Liberty Street to the south, and Church Street to the east. They provisionally concluded the fires alone, without any damage from the airplanes, could have been enough to bring down the buildings. NIST Building and Fire Research Laboratory. [38] The building was equipped with a sprinkler system, but had many single-point vulnerabilities for failure: the sprinkler system required manual initiation of the electrical fire pumps, rather than being a fully automatic system; the floor-level controls had a single connection to the sprinkler water riser; and the sprinkler system required some power for the fire pump to deliver water. Conveniently located opposite Dubai World Trade Centre, Courtyard by Marriott World Trade Centre, Dubai, is centrally located in the heart of Dubai and easily accessible from the biggest convention centre in the city. Indeed, at that time, no fireproofing systems were available to control the effects of such fires."[9]. That passion holds true now more than ever. World Trade Center: Effondrement Des Tours Du World Trade Center, Site Du World Trade Center, Marriott World Trade Center, 5 World Trade C: Amazon.es: Livres Groupe: Libros en idiomas extranjeros Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, National Association for Business Economics, "Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems. As a result, the core columns were slowly being crushed, sustaining plastic and creep deformation from the weight of floors above. United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Inspector General. From collapse timing measurements taken from a video of the north face of the building, NIST observed that the building's exterior facade fell at free fall acceleration through a distance of approximately 8 stories (32 meters, or 105 feet), noting "the collapse time was approximately 40 percent longer than that of free fall for the first 18 stories of descent. The site is being rebuilt with up to six new skyscrapers, four of which have been completed; a memorial and museum to those killed in the attacks; the elevated Liberty Park adjacent to the site, containing the St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and Vehicular Security Center; and a transportation hub. The vertical impact force supplies the propagating action, the principal forces are parallel, and the primary load transfer is serial. [9] [6], The building was originally owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and KUO Hotels of Korea, with Hilton International acting as management agent. [88] When the NIST report was published, Barbara Lane, with the UK engineering firm Arup, criticized its conclusion that the loss of fire proofing was a necessary factor in causing the collapses; "We have carried out computer simulations which show that the towers would have collapsed after a major fire on three floors at once, even with fireproofing in place and without any damage from plane impact. The Marriott World Trade Center was a 22-story, 825-room hotel at 3 World Trade Center within the World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York City.Designed by Yamasaki & Associates.It opened in April 1981 as the Vista International Hotel and was the first major hotel to open in Lower Manhattan south of Canal Street since 1836. Hasiera batean, 1981an, "Vista Hotel" izenaz ireki zen. [80] Some engineers have suggested that understanding of the collapse mechanism could be improved by developing an animated sequence of the collapses based on a global dynamic model, and comparing it with the video evidence of the actual collapses. Other buildings destroyed include St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, Marriott World Trade Center (Marriott Hotel 3 WTC)… They determined the fires to be the main cause of the collapses, finding that sagging floors pulled inward on the perimeter columns, causing them to bow and then to buckle. "[87] The fires, fueled by office contents, along with the lack of water, were the key reasons for the collapse. At the time of the attacks only the then recently completed Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and the Willis Tower (known then as the Sears Tower) in Chicago were taller. World Trade Center 3 was originally built in 1981 as the Vista International Hotel New York. 30 West Broadway was damaged by the collapse of 7 WTC. 5 WTC suffered a large fire and a partial collapse of its steel structure. Due to radio communications problems, firefighters inside the towers did not hear the evacuation order from their supervisors on the scene, and most were unaware that the other tower had collapsed. They attempted to extinguish small pockets of fire, but low water pressure hindered their efforts. The reason for its collapse was considered a mystery. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers—the original 1 World Trade Center, at 1,368 feet (417 m); and 2 World Trade Center, at 1,362 feet (415.1 m)—were the tallest buildings in the world. The World Financial Center buildings, 90 West Street, and 130 Cedar Street suffered fires. [50] A revised plan called for demolition in 2009 and completion of the new Fiterman Hall in 2012, at a cost of $325 million. Immerse yourself in the sights and sounds of Lower Manhattan at Courtyard New York Downtown Manhattan/World Trade Center Area. ‎At 5:20 in the afternoon on 9/11, Building 7 of the World Trade Center collapsed, even though it had not been struck by a plane and had fires on only a few floors. Once the upper section of the building began to move downwards, a total progressive collapse was unavoidable. It opened in July 1981 as the Vista International Hotel and was located at 3 World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York City, with the World Trade Center complex having its own zip code of 10048. Hotelli avattiin vuonna 1981 nimellä Vista International. During the September 11 attacks of the year 2001, 2,977 people were killed, 19 hijackers committed murder–suicide, and more than 6,000 others were injured. On September 11, 2001, multiple buildings were destroyed at the World Trade Center. El Fairfield Inn & Suites by Marriott New York Downtown Manhattan/World Trade Center Area se encuentra en Nueva York, a 200 metros de la Zona Cero y a 300 metros del Museo Nacional Conmemorativo del 11 de Septiembre, y dispone de habitaciones con aire acondicionado y WiFi gratuita. Conveniently located in the Financial District, our hotel is just moments from iconic destinations such as One World Trade Center, 9/11 Museum, Ground Zero and Battery Park, where you can admire views of the Statue of Liberty. Like all of the World Trade Center buildings, it was a steel-framed building. [66] Indeed, when NIST published its final report, it noted "the scarcity of physical evidence" that it had had at its disposal to investigate the collapses. [99] Significant long term medical and psychological effects have been found among first responders including elevated levels of asthma, sinusitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease and posttraumatic stress disorder. [81] The NIST report for WTC 7 concluded that no blast sounds were heard on audio and video footage, or were reported by witnesses. Marriott World Trade Center is similar to these hotels: Six World Trade Center, 7 World Trade Center, World Trade Center (2001–present) and more. In the South Tower, 614 civilians perished at the impacted floors and the floors above that. Bažant later published an expanded version of this analysis. [27], Structural systems respond very differently to static and dynamic loads and, while the towers were designed to support enormous weight under normal conditions, they provided little resistance to the moving mass of the section above the damaged floors. [37] According to NIST, the investigation of 7 World Trade Center was delayed for a number of reasons, including that NIST staff who had been working on 7 World Trade Center were assigned full-time from June 2004 to September 2005 to work on the investigation of the collapse of the twin towers. [45] During the afternoon, firefighters also heard creaking sounds coming from the building and issued uncertain reports about damage in the basement. [11] Fourteen people who had been trying to evacuate the partially destroyed hotel after the first collapse managed to survive the second collapse in this small section. The heat produced by this burning jet fuel does not by itself appear to have been sufficient to initiate the structural collapses. Immerse yourself in the sights and sounds of Lower Manhattan at Courtyard New York Downtown Manhattan/World Trade Center Area. [6] They began with the local failure of a few structural components and progressed to encompass the whole of the structure. As the top section tried to move downward, however, the hat truss redistributed the load to the perimeter columns. Some firefighters entered 7 World Trade Center to search the building. About one third of the fuel was consumed in the initial impact and resulting fireball. Also, water pressure was low, with little or no water to feed sprinklers.[39][40]. "[85], In November 2008, NIST released its final report on the causes of the collapse of 7 World Trade Center. WTC 3 (also known as the World Trade Center Hotel, the Vista Hotel, and the Marriott Hotel) was almost completely destroyed as a result of the September 11 attacks due to debris from the collapse of the adjacent WTC 1 and WTC 2. : The World Trade Center collapse", "Experts Urging Broader Inquiry In Towers' Fall", "Investigating 9/11: An Unimaginable Calamity, Still Largely Unexamined", "NIST's Responsibilities Under the National Construction Safety Team Act", "Commerce's NIST Details Federal Investigation of World Trade Center Collapse", "Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster", "The investigation of the World Trade Center collapse: findings, recommendations, and next steps", "2004 Report to Congress of the National Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee", "NIST's World Trade Center Investigation", "Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers", "NIST Status Update on World Trade Center 7 Investigation", "WTC 7 Technical Approach and Status Summary", "NIST NCSTAR 1A: Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7", "How did the WTC towers collapse: a new theory", "Row erupts over why twin towers collapsed", "Dalmarnock Full-Scale Experiments 25 & 26 July 2006", "Glasgow tower block to shed light on 9/11 fire", "WTC Cleanup Agency Begins Ramping Up Operations", "CBS News – WTC Fires All But Defeated – December 19, 2001 23:22:25", "First Long-term Study of WTC Workers Shows Widespread Health Problems 10 Years After Sept. 11", "Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Government to Protect Citizens", "9/11 "Wall of Heroes" To Include Sick Cops", "Toxic dust legacy of 9/11 plagues thousands of people", "World Trade Center – Some Engineering Aspects", "World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations (FEMA 403)", "Why did the world trade center collapse? Tishman Realty & Construction Co., Inc. is an American corporation founded in 1898 that owns and develops real estate. This caused confrontations with firefighters. [44] In the meantime, NIST provided a preliminary report about 7 World Trade Center in June 2004, and thereafter released occasional updates on the investigation. As the North Tower collapsed, heavy debris hit 7 World Trade Center, causing damage to the south face of the building[37] and starting fires that continued to burn throughout the afternoon. 3 World Trade Center, also known as the Marriott World Trade Center Hotel.-- Accurate facades, window patterns, and cladding patterns.-- Accurately shows the north face without windows.-- Also includes features usually left out of other recreations like...---- … In August 2007, Fiterman Hall was scheduled for dismantling. 2002. The Marriott World Trade Center hotel was destroyed during the collapse of the two towers. The original structure, part of the original World Trade Center, was completed in 1987 and was destroyed in the September 11 attacks in 2001. With a loss of lateral support across nine floors, Column 79 soon buckled – pulling the East penthouse and nearby columns down with it. • Many works of … Some connections broke as the bolts snapped, leaving many panels randomly scattered. Razzano was awoken by the sound of Flight 11 striking the North Tower. [8] The Vista International was the first major hotel to open in Lower Manhattan south of Canal Street since 1836. World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. The Marriott World Trade Center was a 22-story [1] steel-framed hotel building with 825 rooms. The buildings were square and 207 ft (63 m) on each side but had chamfered 6 feet 11 inches (2.11 metres) corners making the exterior of each building roughly 210 ft (64 m) wide. "The ensuing loss in vertical load-carrying capacity was confined to a few storeys but extended over the entire cross section of each tower. The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. An iconic feature of the New York City skyline for nearly three decades, the World Trade Center has been featured in cartoons, comic books, computer games, video games, television, films, photographs, artwork and music videos. [32] Three-hundred forty three firefighters died in the Twin Towers, as a result of the collapse of the buildings. Seventeen minutes later, United Airlines Flight 175 approached from the southwest, over New York Harbor, and crashed into the south facade of the South Tower (WTC 2) at 9:02 am between the 77th and 85th floors at 540 miles per hour (870 km/h). The Deutsche Bank Building, the Verizon Building, and World Financial Center 3 had impact damage from the towers' collapse,[55] as did 90 West Street. Half of the hotel was destroyed when World Trade … Something everyone remembers about that day is the sky didn’t have a cloud in sight, light blue, and crystal clear. [37] In particular, the fires on floors 7 through 9 and 11 through 13 continued to burn out of control during the afternoon. Marriott World Trade Center (Three World Trade Center, 3 World Trade Center, lyhenne 3 WTC) oli Lower Manhattanilla, New Yorkissa sijainnut hotelli, joka oli osa New Yorkin alkuperäistä World Trade Centerin rakennuskompleksia. The Marriott World Trade Center was a 22-story steel-framed hotel building with 825 rooms. [12], When American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower (1 WTC) at 8:46 a.m. EDT, its landing gear fell on the hotel's roof. It opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 during the September 11 attacks. [36] After the collapse, light dust reached as far as the Empire State Building, located 2.93 miles (4.72 km) away. The resulting debris severely damaged or destroyed more than a dozen other adjacent and nearby structures, ultimately leading to the collapse of 7 World Trade Center at 5:21 p.m. The investigators did not find anything substandard in the design of the twin towers, noting that the severity of the attacks was beyond anything experienced in buildings in the past. One World Trade Center (WTC 1) (the North Tower) was hit at 8:46 a.m. Eastern time and collapsed at 10:28 a.m. Two World Trade Center (WTC 2) (the South Tower) was hit at 9:03 a.m. and collapsed at 9:59 a.m. The three remaining buildings in the WTC plaza were extensively damaged by debris and were later demolished. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum exists where the hotel once stood. During each collapse, large portions of the perimeter columns and possibly the cores were left without any lateral support, causing them to fall laterally towards the outside, pushed by the increasing pile of rubble. [63], Immediately following the collapses, there was some confusion about who had the authority to carry out an official investigation. [38], In 2003, Asif Usmani, Professor of Structural Engineering at University of Edinburgh, published a paper with two colleagues. After the attacks, the media termed the World Trade Center site "Ground Zero", while rescue personnel referred to it as "the Pile". [note 2][18] Some fuel from the impact traveled down at least one elevator shaft and exploded on the 78th floor of the North Tower, as well as in the main lobby. It opened in 1981 as the Vista International and was located at 3 World Trade Center in New York City.. It houses the headquarters of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ). After extensive repairs, the hotel reopened in November 1994 and was later purchased by Marriott. The Port Authority owns the site's land. [95] Despite efforts to extinguish the blaze, the large pile of debris burned for three months, until the majority of the rubble was finally removed from the site. [65] ASCE ultimately invited FEMA to join the investigation, which was completed under the auspices of the latter. [44] Based on its investigation, NIST reiterated several recommendations it had made in its earlier report on the collapse of the twin towers, and urged immediate action on a further recommendation: that fire resistance should be evaluated under the assumption that sprinklers are unavailable; and that the effects of thermal expansion on floor support systems be considered. Marriott World Trade Center byla 22 pater vysoká hotelová budova s 825 pokoji. It opened in 1974 and was the building in the World Trade Center complex that had the fewest stories. After the South Tower collapsed, FDNY commanders issued orders for firefighters in the North Tower to evacuate. The building served as the U.S. Customs House for New York. The building was a 22-story steel-framed structure [1] with 825 rooms and six basement levels (labeled B1 through B6 [2], The hotel was connected to the North and South towers via underground entrances at concourse level, and a small pedestrian walkway that extended from the west promenade of the Marriott to the North Tower on plaza level. WTC 3 (also known as the World Trade Center Hotel, the Vista Hotel, and the Marriott Hotel) was almost completely destroyed as a result of the September 11 attacks due to debris from the collapse of the adjacent WTC 1 and WTC 2. [16] Prior to the collapses, the owners of the towers, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, were in the process of adding fireproofing, but had only been completed on 18 floors in 1 WTC, including all the floors affected by the aircraft impact and fires, and on 13 floors in 2 WTC, although none were directly affected by the aircraft impact. After the South Tower collapsed, NYPD helicopters relayed information about the deteriorating conditions of the North Tower. In the interview, Robertson stated that the main difference between the design studies and the event that ultimately caused the towers to collapse was due to the velocity of the impact, which greatly increased the absorbed energy, and was never considered during the construction process. Hasiera batean, 1981an, "Vista Hotel" izenaz ireki zen. Inaugurado como el "Vista Hotel" en 1981, el hotel estaba ubicado en el complejo World Trade Center y fue el primer hotel en abrir en Lower Manhattan desde 1836. The Marriott World Trade Center was a 22-story, 825-room hotel at 3 World Trade Center within the World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York City. [ citation needed ], As a result of the collapse of the Twin Towers, the hotel was destroyed beyond repair. Designed by Yamasaki & Associates. Most of the emphasis has been – correctly – focused on the three prominent skyscrapers: the Twin Towers and WTC Building 7. [ citation needed ] The hotel had a few establishments including The American Harvest Restaurant, The Greenhouse Café, Tall Ships Bar & Grill, the 'Times Square Gifts' store, The Russia House Restaurant, and a Grayline New York Tour Bus ticket counter. It was only a hotel, a 22-story dwarf tucked under colossal buildings, but in … In both cases, the collapses began with the drop of the upper section through the height of at least one story (roughly three meters or ten feet), yet a fall of only half a meter (about 20 inches) would have released the necessary energy to begin an unstoppable collapse.[28]. The North Tower, with its antenna included, was the tallest building in the world by pinnacle height until the towers were destroyed in the September 11 attacks in 2001. [13][note 1] In their final report on the collapses, the NIST stated that they could find no documentation that examined the impact of a high speed jet nor that of a large scale fire fueled by aviation fuel. [13]. "[89] Jose L. Torero, formerly of the BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering at the University of Edinburgh, pursued further research into the potentially catastrophic effects of fire on real-scale buildings.[90][91][92]. 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