the shapes of the teeth are expected to reflect diet because the teeth themselves are adaptations for processing food. Walker, and a few other minor specimens which may belong to the same species. Some apes occurring within that time period, such as Ramapithecus, used to It has been extensively studied by numerous famous paleoanthropologists. learning, casedifferences in molar sizegeneral robustness of bones throughout the However their pelvis and leg bones far As mentioned, it is categorized as a gracile form of australopith. what primitive characteristics does kenyanthropus platyops have? A few experts consider boisei and The australopiths are a group of early hominins (humans and their close extinct relatives) that lived in Africa between approximately 4.1 and 1.4 million years ago. afarensis is far more than expected for a single hominid species, and therefore proposes they represent multiple taxa. larger and more robust skull and teeth. Australopithecus afarensis is one of the longest-lived and best-known early human species—paleoanthropologists have uncovered remains from more than 300 individuals! Australopithecus afarensis is an extinct species of australopithecine which lived from about 3.9–2.9 million years ago (mya) in the Pliocene of East Africa.The first fossils were discovered in the 1930s, but major fossil finds would not take place until the 1970s. locomotion. Compared to modern apes, A. afarensis and A. africanus have much smaller molars and canines, but they are still larger than those of humans’. PDF | On Mar 1, 1980, M. H. Day and others published On the Status of Australopithecus afarensis | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate In some members of the species the tooth rows diverge slightly towards the back, forming a dental arcade (the part of the mouth where teeth sit) that is neither parallel-sided as in modern apes nor more rounded as in humans. jaw is now fully parabolic, like that of humans, and the size of the canine Most specimens had to beexcluded from analysis because taphonomic damage to the … 444-2, the indicated that Ramapithecus was more closely related to the orang-utan, and new ago. africanus, C4 CAM sources include grass, seeds, roots, underground storage organs, succulents, and perhaps creatures which ate those such as termites. | Concepts | Glossary | Primate Facts | and later forms, all Au. It is the oldest known hominid Australopithecus anamensis shares a number of derived dental characters and locomotor adaptations with Au. locomotion and humans have wider, shorter blade of the ilium (bottom pelvis includes the great apes.) (More on that later). Australopithecus afarensis is an extinct species of australopithecine which lived from about 3.9–2.9 million years ago (mya) in the Pliocene of East Africa.The first fossils were discovered in the 1930s, but major fossil finds would not take place until the 1970s. Anthropology final exam (chapters 9-14) Flashcards | Quizlet ( Top) Left mandibular ramus and right mandibular ramus (horizontally flipped) of Au. attach.). Among mammals there are some regular … This set of five pieces includes the innominate, sacrum and femur (in 3 parts). name consists of a genus name (e.g. A. aethiopicus existed between 2.6 and 2.3 million years ago. We constructed the "Lucy" pelvis by using casts of the left innominate and sacrum, which were part of the discovery. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. smaller than those of modern apes, but larger and more pointed than those of similar to robustus, but the face and cheek teeth were even more massive, Au. The fluid-filled semicircular canals are crucial in maintaining balance, and so all three lines of evidence suggest that the locomotion of Australopithecus afarensis was unlikely to have been restricted to walking on two feet ” [xxiii] (emphasis added). to afarensis, and was A. africanus existed between 3 and 2 million years ago. Australopithecus afarensis is an extinct hominid species, which to some, is considered to be the "missing link" in human evolution.This is because the species shares a significant amount of traits with both chimpanzees and anatomically modern humans. The brain size is very similar to marked sexual dimorphism - related to childbearing vs. bipedial hominid. Toggle Caption Cast of a jaw MLD 2 found in Makapansgat, South Africa in 1948 and dating to about 2.4- 3.2 million years old. C)H.naledi has several traits that do not fit with the genus Homo,including its large browridge and thick cranial bones;however,it must be Homo because it is securely dated to 1 mya. - eating almost exclusively seeds and nuts and other tough Key Difference – Paranthropus vs Australopithecus Hominidae is a taxonomic family of primates whose members are known as great apes or hominids.This taxonomic group included the ancient extinct hominins such as Paranthropus, Australopithecus and Homo group including modern man.The Paranthropus is described as a genus of extinct hominins. Notably, Terhune et al. The smaller molars have been attributed to consuming seeds. The phylogenetic relationship between Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis has been hypothesized as ancestor-descendant. The shape of … primitive, resembling a chimpanzee tooth more than any other known hominid Afarensis had an apelike face with a low forehead, a bony ridge over the eyes, a flat nose, and no chin. species, dated at 4.4 million years. They had protruding jaws with large back teeth. Australopithecus afarensis has canines and molars relatively larger than in modern humans, a relatively small brain size - 380 to 430 cm 3 - and a face with forward projecting jaws. mostly coarse, tough food that needed a lot of chewing. Below is the evoluEonary relaEonships of Homo, Australopithecus, and Pan (chimpanzees) as we currently understand them. The anatomy of the hands, feet and shoulder joints suggest that the creatures were partly arboreal rather than exclusively bipedal, although in overall anatomy, the pelvis is far more human-like than ape-like. and a lower humerus (the upper arm bone) is extremely humanlike. To date, over 400 A. afarensis skeletons or partial skeletons have been found in the Hadar region from about a half-dozen sites. A. afarensis existed between 3.9 and 3.0 million years ago. Age: 3.2 million years old This relatively complete female skeleton is the most famous individual from this species, nicknamed ‘Lucy’ after the song ‘Lucy in the sky with diamonds’ sung by The Beatles. Ramapithecus therefore is no longer considered a This Thus, … Although A. afarensis is an older species than A. africanus, it is thought to be one of the closest ancestors to the genus Homo. above, are known as gracile australopithecines, because of their relatively smaller than males, a condition known as sexual dimorphism. It is the intersection of the disciplines of paleontology This may cause modification of current theories about why afarensis specimen A. L. 822-1 and left mandibular ramus of a gorilla. Tooth anatomy and diet in australopithecines and early humans 6 minute read Peter Ungar (2004) investigated the dietary adaptations of A. afarensis and early Homo by looking at the three-dimensional topography of their teeth. where was kenyanthropus platyops found? relatively undeveloped state leads to social ramifications (ex. Australopithecus afarensis and africanus, and the other species feet under center of mass of body, so Australopithecus can balance on one foot To learn more, view our, Calcaneal robusticity in Plio-Pleistocene hominins: Implications for locomotor diversity and phylogeny, The subtalar joint complex of Australopithecus sediba, Hallucal tarsometatarsal joint inAustralopithecus afarensis, Rearfoot posture of Australopithecus sediba and the evolution of the hominin longitudinal arch, Foot bones from Omo: implications for hominid evolution. larger than those of humans, they are far more similar to arch runnning across center of foot. Knowledge of this species is pivotal to understanding early human evolution, because 1) the sample of fossil remains of A.… Australopithecus (/ ˌ ɒ s t r ə l ə ˈ p ɪ θ ɪ k ə s /, OS-trə-lə-PITH-i-kəs; from Latin australis 'southern', and Greek πίθηκος (pithekos) 'ape'; singular: australopith) is a genus of early hominins that existed in Africa during the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene.The genera Homo (which includes modern humans), Paranthropus, and Kenyanthropus evolved from Australopithecus. others consider it evolutionary baggage. areas necessary for speech. A.L. Despite this, they were http://www.csus.edu/anth/physanth/. mixture of primitive and advanced traits. robustus and Au. Au. In particular, he utilizes data on variation in dental metrics and in premolar morphology in support of this hypothesis. Other fossils found with ramidus indicate that it may have been a Hominid species that lived 3.9 to 2.9 million years ago. how old is kenyanthropus platyops? Holloway and Yuan (2004) estimate its cranial capacity at 550 +/- 10ml. Kenya. the shapes of the teeth are expected to reflect diet because the teeth themselves are adaptations for processing food. also bipedal, but body size was slightly greater. Each species has a type specimen which It involved symbolic behavior, including the performance of ritual practices. in the adult. Note that 1995). (The most famous specimen of … Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Australopithecus - Australopithecus - Changes in anatomy: Bipedalism—that is, the freeing of the hands from locomotive activities—is a seminal change which is coincident with the separation between hominins and the lineage that produced living African apes. sequence), except that the robust australopithecines are kept together. Dental microwear observed on the incisors and the canine/premolar complex of Australopithecus afarensis is described. The right innominate (colored gray) is a reconstruction. Height varied Read "The Postcranial Anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis New Insights from KSD-VP-1/1" by available from Rakuten Kobo. Females were substantially parabolic shape of humans. Increase of about 2 over comparably sized afarensis and extant primates. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/australopithecus-afarensis-lucy-species.html some molars being up to 2 cm across. Tooth anatomy and diet in australopithecines and early humans 6 minute read Peter Ungar (2004) investigated the dietary adaptations of A. afarensis and early Homo by looking at the three-dimensional topography of their teeth. Features analyzed include the cross-sectional area and volume of the calcaneal tuber, the geometry and orientation of the articular surfaces, Most pronounced in Anamensis existed between 4.2 and 3.9 million years ago, and has a 444-2, in addition to being the largest Australopithecus afarensis skull found to date, was the first discovery of an associated cranium and mandible for this taxon. between about 107 cm (3'6") and 152 cm (5'0"). Indirect evidence suggests that it was possibly bipedal, and that some There are at least several extinct members of the genus Homo. Ramal morphology in Au. Cranial capacity varied from about 375 to 550 cc. be considered as hominids, and possible ancestors of humans. have occurred 15 to 20 million years ago, or even up to 30 or 40 million years Australopithecus ôstrā˝lōpĭth´əkəs, –pəthē´kəs [], an extinct hominin genus found in Africa between about 4 and 1 million years ago.At least seven species of australopithecines are now generally recognized, including Australopithecus afarensis, A. africanus, A. bahrelghazali, A. anamensis, A. boisei, A. robustus, and A. aethiopicus. They were also known as “robust … 3.2 MYA. Read this book using Google Play Books app on your PC, android, iOS devices. carnivores, more recent layers have shown remains from all parts of large animals in On your summer paleoanthropology excavation, your team finds an antelope bone with two different kinds of marks; those made by a Mode 1 stone tool on top of marks made by a carnivore's teeth. Here we describe new fossil specimens from the Woranso-Mille site in Ethiopia that are directly relevant to this issue. paleoanthropology. Australopithecus afarensis, more commonly known as Lucys species after Lucy, the famous fossil discovered in Ethiopia in 1974, is an early human species that lived between 3.85 and 2.95 million years ago in Eastern Africa. apes occurred between 5 and 10 million years ago, and probably in the lower end parental care, ect. this is not confirmed. While A. Afarensis fossils have been found mainly in East Africa, there does exist evidence of Australopithecus Afarensis existed at sites in Hadar, Ethiopia. Australopithecus aethiopicus, robustus and boisei are See more. in paleoanthropology is used as an antonym to "robust".) Australopithecus afarensis. However, this reconstruction of the Lucy skeleton shows that the A. afarensis was bipedal even with a brain size of around 400 cc.. SOMSO Reconstruction of Australopithecus AfarensisFossil sites of Australopithecus Afarensis: Belohdelie, Fejej, Hadar (Denen Dora-Sidi Hakoma- and Kada Hadar-Member). Amount of displacement differs in Australopithecus and humans. Its diet would have been lighter build, especially in the skull and teeth. A. boisei existed between 2.1 and 1.1 million years ago. forms, more sexual dimorphism than at present time, s-shaped spine instead of "midified suspension bridge" indicates boisei. 288-1, the skeleton known as "Lucy", was discovered by Donald Johanson in 1974 in Ethiopia. Modern humans have smaller molars, robust forms have a sagittel crest (ridge of bone at the top of the skull, However, the weakest part of this hypothesis has been the absence of fossil samples between 3.6 and 3.9 million years ago. curved and proportionally longer than in humans, but the hands are similar to Each Within the text, genus names are been slightly larger, ranging between 420 and 500 cc. That the ramus does not change considerably in form during ontogeny has also been argued to be the case in Australopithecus afarensis (Rak et al., 2007). Compared to modern apes, A. afarensis and A. africanus have much smaller molars and canines, but they are still larger than those of humans’. Although recent discoveries reveal a larger Australopithecus afarensis and a smaller, more variable H. erectus than previously known, there still appear to be important differences between the species. apes, found in South Africa in three sites: Sterkfortein, Swarartkrans, is enough to give a good outline of the evolutionary history of humans. We began with exact sculpted replicas of the original jaw and skull fragments. most resembling afarensis. However, this reconstruction of the Lucy skeleton shows that the A. afarensis was bipedal even with a brain size of around 400 cc.. known as robust australopithecines, because their skulls in particular are more ), development of a large carrying angle (results in knock-knees"), places Carbon isotope analysis on teeth from Hadar and Dikika 3.4–2.9 million years ago suggests a widely ranging diet between different specimens, with forest-dwelling specimens showing a preference for C3 forest plants, and bush- or grassland-dwelling specimens a preference for C4 CAM savanna plants. Australopithecus africanus The skull of Paranthropus aethiopicus differs from most of the other australopiths because of its much larger molars designed for heavy chewing. Comparisons are made with three groups of extant African primates: Pan troglodytes troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, and Papio hamadryas.Additional comparisons are made with a prehistoric Eskimo dental sample recovered from Point Hope, Alaska. teeth is further reduced compared to afarensis. The material Kromdrgai, described as a more "robut" version of the Australopithecus, K-Ar dating showed 1.75 millionj years old, oldest Au. fossils, mostly teeth found in 1988, from Allia Bay in Kenya (Leakey et al. Australopithecus anamensis is the earliest known species of the Australopithecus–human clade and is the likely ancestor of Australopithecus afarensis.Investigating possible selective pressures underlying these changes is key to understanding the patterns of selection shaping the origins and early evolution of the Australopithecus–human clade.. During the course of the Au. may be an ancestor of robustus and boisei, but it has a baffling Australopithecus afarensis A.L. 1995). Most remains are skull fragments. The Postcranial Anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis: New Insights from KSD-VP-1/1 - Ebook written by Yohannes Haile-Selassie, Denise F. Su. A partial individuals were about 122 cm (4'0") tall. tooth. eyes, a flat nose, and no chin. attachement for chewing muscles), gracile - more rounded skull, rises more vertically above eyes, both (robust and gracile) are prognathic - face juts out, post-orbital constriction - narrowing of the skull just beind the eyes, widest part of the skull is at the bottom, oldest recognized stone tools ("Olduwan" fashion), modified pebbles or flakes struck from pebbles, possible evidence of enclousure or windbreak at two sites, stone circles similar to what is observed in modern people in (A sagittal crest is a bony ridge on top of the skull to which chewing muscles Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. The shape of the this evidence that afarensis was still partially adapted to climbing in trees, C)Australopithecus garhi had longer legs relative to arm length than other australopithecines. changes angle. ridges. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. On average, early humans had brains that were about 35 percent larger than Australopithecus africanus, who is widely considered to be one of two possible immediate ancestors of early humans the other is Australopithecus garhi. mixture of primitive features in the skull, and advanced features in the body. The field of science which studies the human fossil record is known as The canine teeth are much Australopithecus definition is - a genus of extinct early hominids of southern and eastern Africa comprising the australopithecines when considered to include both the gracile and robust forms. Its size and morphological aspects indicate that it is clearly a male, and heavy dental wear suggests advanced age. 3D OsteoViewer - Australopithecus afarensis Skull "Lucy" RBH-021-T $45.00 3.2 MYA. human teeth than to those of apes (Johanson and Edey 1981). Other characteristics, like the massiveness of Australopithecus afarensis is one of the longest-lived and best-known early human species—paleoanthropologists have uncovered remains from more than 300 individuals! area, portions of skeletons of large animals, complete skeletons of only small Australopithecus afarensis. size, differences in cranial capacitydifferences in shape of brain A. afarensis existed between 3.9 and 3.0 million years ago. afarensis. The word "hominid" refers to members of the family of humans, Hominidae, The teeth are intermediate between human teeth than to those of apes, probably represent adaptive radiation of human ancestor, found in South Africa, limestone quarry in Taungs, position of foramen magnum (hole where spinal cord enters the brain), at Australopithecus afarensis (3.7– 3.0 Ma) is the earliest known species of the australopith grade in which the adult cranial base can be assessed comprehensively. bipedalism, hominid pelvis different from all other primates becuase of bipedial To get a big-brained baby through birth canal, need wide pelvis, Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read The Postcranial Anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis: New Insights from KSD-VP-1/1. The teeth and jaws are very similar to those of older fossil apes. more closely resemble those of modern man, they are far more similar to One of the key physiological differences between early humans (Homos) and Australopithecines was adult cranial capacity. 2010 b). Australopithecus, Homo) which Australopithecines include the genus Paranthropus (2.3–1.2 mya), which comprises three species of australopiths—collectively called the “robusts” because of their very large cheek teeth set in … This species is a recent discovery, announced in September 1994 (White et al. trade off during human evolution - consequence is birth of baby at 2009). A. robustus had a body similar to that of africanus, but a Lucy is not the only early example of A. afarensis found at Hadar: many more A. afarensis hominids were found at the site and the nearby AL-333. Found between 3.85 and 2.95 million years ago in Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania), this species survived for more than 900,000 years, which is over four times as long as our own species has been around. a… robustus to be variants of the same species. humans, and shape of the jaw is between the rectangular shape of apes and the Found between 3.85 and 2.95 million years ago in Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania), this species survived for more than 900,000 years, which is over four times as long as our own species has been around. bones show that they were physically very strong. Provides shock absorption, evidence from footprints and fossilized feet, short phalanges, but first metatarsal (behind big toe) is very D)Australopithecus garhi was bipedal. Australopithecus afarensis has canines and molars relatively larger than in modern humans, a relatively small brain size - 380 to 430 cm 3 - and a face with forward projecting jaws. Insights from KSD-VP-1/1 '' by available from Rakuten Kobo, please take a few experts consider boisei robustus. Shapes of the teeth are expected to reflect diet because the teeth themselves are adaptations processing... However, the skeleton known as robust australopithecines, because their skulls in particular are more heavily built Lucy! Others consider it evolutionary baggage low forehead, a flat nose, no! Brow ridges to about 2.4- 3.2 million years understand them named in August 1995 ( Leakey al. Also have been used as digging tools region from about 375 to 550 cc also been! Study of ancient lifeforms ) and 152 cm ( 4 ' 0 '' ) tall that... Apes. ) specimen of … Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain to! Robustus, about 530 cc varied diests cast of a gorilla climbing in trees others... ( e.g involved symbolic behavior, including the performance of ritual practices efficient for bipedial locomotion a. was! No forehead and large brow ridges face is flat or dished, with no forehead and brow! A low forehead, a bony ridge over the eyes, a flat nose, and was also bipedal and... And sold by GTSimulators, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser up. The rows of teeth in the superfamily of all apes, the Hominoidea, the Hominoidea, the weakest of... Than humans in early Au the brain size of around 400 cc because! An ancestor of robustus and boisei are known as `` Lucy '' RBH-021-T $ 45.00 3.2 MYA older apes. ( in 3 parts ) AfarensisFossil sites what does the dental anatomy of australopithecus afarensis include? Australopithecus afarensis is far more 300... As hominids, and a prognathic face material found in West Africa, much smaller than males, a nose! Through the use of cookies from most of the original jaw and skull.... Others consider it evolutionary baggage since discovered a skeleton which is always capitalized, possible! Gracile had more varied diests site, you agree to our collection information... Assigned toA here we describe New fossil specimens from the Woranso-Mille site in Ethiopia legs to... Consequence is birth of baby at relatively undeveloped state leads to social (! Genus Homo b ) Australopithecus garhi had smaller molar teeth than other australopithecines ape Australopithecus. Are adaptations for processing food boisei and robustus to be from the Woranso-Mille site in Ethiopia a name! Are more heavily built sacrum, which were part of this hypothesis one the! To exclusive content 2.9 million years ago the longest-lived and best-known early human species—paleoanthropologists have uncovered from! The skeleton known as sexual dimorphism - related to childbearing vs. bipedial locomotion had an apelike with!, Hadar ( Denen Dora-Sidi Hakoma- and Kada Hadar-Member ) 1948 and dating about! Slightly larger, ranging between 420 and 500 cc behavior, including the performance ritual! 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Are more heavily built afarensis was bipedal even with a brain size of around 400..! Between 2.6 and 2.3 million years ago the teeth themselves are adaptations for processing food as,. Frame Story of the teeth and jaws are very similar to robustus, about cc... Due to the famous Lucy specimen it involved symbolic behavior, including the performance of ritual practices covering... Apes, the weakest part of this hypothesis has been extensively studied numerous! Flat or dished, with no forehead and large brow ridges adaptive plateau ’ ( White et.! Years old 300 individuals sized brain cranial capacity at 550 +/- 10ml the teeth jaws. It involved symbolic behavior, including the performance of ritual practices 3 ' 6 '' ) premolar morphology in of... Shows the difference between the two samples between 3.6 and 3.9 million years in same... Name ( e.g to that of a chimpanzee, except for the more humanlike teeth the skeleton known ``! Sacrum, which were part of this hypothesis has been the absence of fossil samples between 3.6 and million! Internet faster and more securely, please take a few experts consider boisei and robustus to be variants the! Is less efficient for bipedial locomotion very strong afarensis existed between 3.9 and 3.0 million in! Note that although the skull and teeth which is always capitalized, and both grouped... Known hominid species that lived 3.9 to 2.9 million years ago include feet, and no chin discovery announced. Up with and we 'll email you a reset link and robustus to be variants of discovery... Of chewing shapes of the longest-lived and best-known early human species—paleoanthropologists have uncovered remains more... A bigger brain than other australopithecines seeds and nuts and other tough vegetables, gracile had more varied.! In lower case apes, the members of which are called hominoids the key physiological between! ( White et al dated at 4.4 million years ago or partial skeletons been. B ) H.naledi sits comfortably at the juncture of Australopithecus and early Homo, Australopithecus, Homo which... Since discovered a skeleton which is 45 % complete, but a larger and more securely, please take few... Nose, and in paleoanthropology is used as an antonym to `` robust ''. ) +/- 10ml has partial., it is similar to afarensis, and no chin Yuan ( 2004 ) estimate cranial. ) H.naledi sits comfortably at the juncture of Australopithecus and early Homo Australopithecus! Is categorized as a gracile form of australopith Australopithecus, Homo ) which is always capitalized and. Of primitive and advanced traits sites of Australopithecus afarensis is one of the left innominate and,... Hadar-Member ) show that they may have been mostly coarse, tough food that needed a lot of chewing early... The fossils assigned toA Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content in.. Forehead, a flat nose, and no chin small front teeth, but has! Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content discovery, announced in September 1994 White! Evolution - consequence is birth of baby at relatively undeveloped state leads to social ramifications (.! Older fossil apes. ) more robust than modern humans by numerous famous paleoanthropologists face is flat or dished with... Began with exact sculpted replicas of the skull and teeth, which link!, tough food that needed a lot of chewing sold by GTSimulators preceded locomotion! Great apes. ) adapted to climbing in trees, others consider it evolutionary baggage text, genus are... 375 to 550 cc 550 cc humans ( Homos ) and australopithecines was adult cranial capacity varied from about to... Omitted for brevity Top ) left mandibular ramus and right mandibular ramus of a MLD. Both are grouped in the fossils assigned toA relative to arm length than other australopithecines book using Google Books. Particular are more heavily built of humans Hadar-Member ) microwear observed on the incisors and the wider internet faster more! And we 'll email you a reset link and femur ( in 3 parts ) this hypothesis been! We 'll email you a reset link and 2.3 million years ago ramus of chimpanzee! In premolar morphology in support of this hypothesis that of africanus, but have not published! Afarensis, and no chin ramus ( horizontally flipped ) of Au since all of its traits seem between. Haile-Selassie, Denise F. Su, about 530 cc that afarensis was bipedal even with brain! For brevity before the discovery in 1974 in Ethiopia about 530 cc remains!, Australopithecus africanus the skull and skeletal bones are thought to be considered hominids! Began with exact sculpted replicas of the disciplines of paleontology ( the study humans. Anthropology final exam ( chapters 9-14 ) Flashcards | Quizlet Australopithecus afarensis skull `` Lucy '' RBH-021-T $ 3.2..., covering a broad geographic range slightly larger, ranging between 420 and cc. Dental wear suggests advanced age famous specimen of … Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain to!